新车免检新政实施后对高污染车的管理思路与对策的探讨

2014年9月1日起,国家试行6年以内的非营运轿车等车辆免检制度。大多数城市根据此规定,对于车辆的排放定期检验也同步实施6年免检。随着汽车保有量的快速增长,车辆尾气排放对大气环境的影响不容忽视。因此,地方环保部门应针对机动车污染排放的管理重点,从管理手段、管理体制机制、管理对策等方面进一步加强对高污染车辆的监管。     

基于全生命周期评价理论的EREV/BEV/ICEV环境效益及减碳经济性评估

为完善增程式电动汽车（Extended range electric vehicle,EREV）全生命周期环境影响和经济效益评价研究,对EREV、纯电动汽车（Battery electric vehicle,BEV）和内燃机汽车（Internal combustion engine vehicle,ICEV）进行了对比分析.基于生命周期评价理论和生命周期成本分析方法,构建了车辆生命周期资源消耗、能源消耗、环境影响和成本评价模型,针对不同汽车各阶段材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放三大特性,识别EREV、BEV和ICEV的环境负荷差异,并从初始购置成本、使用维护成本和报废回收成本3个方面评价了EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期成本差异.综合碳排放特性和经济属性,进一步提出减碳经济性评价指标,科学评价EREV和BEV的环境效益和减碳经济性,并讨论了不同电力结构下EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期温室气体排放情况和减碳经济性变化.对增程式电动汽车进行全生命周期内综合评价研究,进一步明确EREV在多种能源类型汽车技术路线中的环境效益和减碳经济性.结果表明,相比于ICEV,BEV和EREV在运行使...     

Research on ammonia emissions characteristics from light-duty gasoline vehicles

In this study, ammonia emissions characteristics of typical light-duty gasoline vehicles were obtained through laboratory vehicle bench test and combined with New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) condition and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) condition. The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emissions is mainly concentrated in the cold start stage. The influence of ambient temperature on ammonia emission is shown that the ammonia emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles under ambient temperature conditions (14 and 23°C) are lower than those under low ambient temperature conditions (?7°C) and high ambient temperature conditions (35 and 40°C). The influence of TWC on ammonia emission is shown that ammonia is a by-product of the catalytic reduction reaction of conventional gas pollutants in the exhaust gas in the TWC. Under NEDC operating conditions and WLTC operating conditions, ammonia emissions after the catalyst are 45 times and 72 times that before the catalyst, respectively. In terms of ammonia emissions control strategy research, Pd/Rh combination can reduce NH₃ formation more effectively than catalyst with a single Pd formula. Precise control of the engine's air-fuel ratio and combination with the optimized matched precious metal ratio TWC can effectively reduce ammonia emissions.     

基于远程数据的重型柴油车实际道路碳排放测算准确度

利用车载排放测试系统（PEMS）,对3辆加装有车载诊断系统（OBD）远程监控设备的重型柴油车进行实际道路排放测试,以获取车辆实际道路基于电子控制器单元（ECU）的OBD远程油耗数据,分析碳排放结果的准确性及其影响因素.研究发现,基于碳平衡法获取的ECU油耗换算CO₂与车载排放测量系统（PEMS）直接测量的CO₂排放结果存在差异,二者偏差平均为2.06%.对影响ECU碳排放计算的关键因素（ECU油耗量和ECU行驶距离）的准确性进行了分析,发现ECU油耗的偏差均在3%以内,而ECU测量距离的平均偏差为2.41%.ECU油耗和行驶距离的准确度会受到车速、加速度和整个行程动态的影响.当车辆低速行驶时,其准确度较低.     

A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles

As a proactive step towards understanding future waste management challenges, this paper presents a future oriented material flow analysis (MFA) used to estimate the volume of lithium-ion battery (LIB) wastes to be potentially generated in the United States due to electric vehicle (EV) deployment in the near and long term future. Because future adoption of LIB and EV technology is uncertain, a set of scenarios was developed to bound the parameters most influential to the MFA model and to forecast “low,” “baseline,” and “high” projections of future end-of-life battery outflows from years 2015 to 2040. These models were implemented using technology forecasts, technical literature, and bench-scale data characterizing battery material composition. Considering the range from the most conservative to most extreme estimates, a cumulative outflow between 0.33 million metric tons and 4 million metric tons of lithium-ion cells could be generated between 2015 and 2040. Of this waste stream, only 42% of the expected materials (by weight) is currently recycled in the U.S., including metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, nickel, and steel. Another 10% of the projected EV battery waste stream (by weight) includes two high value materials that are currently not recycled at a significant rate: lithium and manganese. The remaining fraction of this waste stream will include materials with low recycling potential, for which safe disposal routes must be identified. Results also indicate that because of the potential “lifespan mismatch” between battery packs and the vehicles in which they are used, batteries with high reuse potential may also be entering the waste stream. As such, a robust end-of-life battery management system must include an increase in reuse avenues, expanded recycling capacity, and ultimate disposal routes that minimize risk to human and environmental health.     

机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布及碳组分特征

颗粒物的粒径分布特性与碳质组分的表征已成为大气颗粒物源解析的重要方法.利用微孔均匀沉积式碰撞采样器与有机碳/元素碳分析仪,研究采集自不同区域的机动车源大气颗粒物粒径分布特性及其碳组分含量特征.结果表明,随着粒径级增大,发动机原排颗粒物质量浓度逐渐降低.实验室排空大气颗粒物在0.32~0.56μm粒径级浓度较高;地下停车场大气颗粒物在1.0~1.8μm粒径级浓度较高.柴油机原排颗粒物OC1、OC2和OC3所占比例较多,EC2为元素碳的主要部分.机动车源扩散区域大气颗粒物OC3和OC4含量所占比例较多,地下停车场大气颗粒物EC1占元素碳绝大部分.柴油机原排颗粒物的OC/EC比值较小,在0.92~2.50之间.实验室排空与地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值分别在1.40~2.53与2.36~4.82之间.此外,地下停车场大气颗粒物的OC/EC比值均大于2.0,最高可达4.82,可以判定地下停车场有较多的二次颗粒物生成.上述特性可为机动车源大气颗粒物的辨识提供参考依据.     

基于实际飞行数据的首都机场飞机发动机日排放清单估算方法研究

根据航班实际飞行数据估算机场飞机主发动机排放量,可以提升机场排放清单编制的准确度.基于北京首都机场某日运行数据和国内1326架次航班的机载飞行数据(QAR数据),研究了基于飞行数据的机场飞机主发动机排放清单制定方法.采用一阶近似3.0(FOA3.0)方法补充国际民航组织发动机排放数据库颗粒物基准排放指数,结合QAR数据,应用波音燃油流量法2(BFFM2)估算了实际飞行条件下污染物排放指数,编制了首都机场该日飞机主发动机排放清单,分析了首都机场航班排放特征.在此基础上,探讨了结合实际数据本地化的着陆和起飞循环,以期为机场飞机主发动机排放量的快速准确核算提供新的思路.结果发现,该日航班主发动机HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放量分别为933.9、10967.8、14703.5和85.5 kg,较标准LTO循环估算结果的偏差分别为15.6%、13.2%、-29.1%和-18.9%.NO_x排放主要集中在起飞和爬升阶段,占其排放总量的68.0%;HC和CO排放主要集中在滑行和慢车阶段,分别占其排放总量的90.0%和88.0%;PM_(2.5)在各飞行阶段的排放较为平均.对于单位LTO循环,航班滑行过程中平均排队等候(地速为零)时间为7.7 min,产生的HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)分别占总滑行阶段对应污染物排放量的26.3%、27.5%、25.7%和27.5%,这一部分排放量有望通过场面运行优化进一步控制.     

Green Composites as Panacea? Socio-Economic Aspects of Green Materials

Much academic research and industrial development explores new ways to create greener and environmentally friendlier chemicals and materials for a variety of applications. A significant part of this work focuses on the development, processing and manufacturing, recycling and disposal of green plastics, adhesives, polymer composites, blends and many other industrial products from renewable resources. Natural fibres offer the potential to deliver greater added value, sustainability, renewability and lower costs especially in the automotive industry. Further research involves the fibre crop production. The ever-increasing volume of scientific literature refers with enthusiasm to the potential of natural fibres in technological, economic and ecological terms. This enthusiasm tends to also expand to the areas of human life and socio-economic development for the fibre crop growers and their communities. However, there is very little debate or evidence to support statements about the assumed advantages for the affected population in rural areas. We argue that despite the predicted new boom in the demand of natural fibres, it is unlikely that this will represent a real improvement in the quality of life of crop fibre growers and their communities. This paper examines the experience of Mexico as a case study and argues that only through consistent political will and co-operation between governments, industry, scientists, consumer groups and local communities, as well as a suitable economic strategy such as local subsidies, a truly sustainable economic development, social equity and improved environmental quality will be achieved for tens of thousands of natural fibre growers.     

杭州市机动车NO_x排放清单的建立及其对空气质量的影响

以杭州市主城区为例,对车辆信息(包括车流量和车辆构成、车辆控制技术水平、车辆行驶工况、车辆启动分布等)进行了调研和测试,并根据IVE模型计算了机动车NOx的排放清单.结果表明,2004年杭州市主城区机动车NOx排放总量为25 100 t,其中,轻型客车、出租车、公交车、重型货车和轻型货车的年排放量分别为5 800,1 100,7 300,9 200和1 700 t.在此基础上,通过AERMOD模型模拟了城市机动车源NOx年均质量浓度以及城市空气中总的NOx年均质量浓度空间分布,得出机动车排放的NOx对总的NOx年均质量浓度的贡献率为40.91%,并对贡献率的空间分布进行了分析.     

Users’ acceptance of private automated vehicles: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: This research systematically reviewed relevant studies on users’ acceptance of conditional (Level 3) to full (Level 5) automated vehicles when such vehicles are to be used privately (herein referred to as ‘private automated vehicles or private AVs). Method: The search followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, and was undertaken in three databases: APA PsycINFO, Transport Research International Documentation, and Web of Science. Articles were required to focus on individuals’ acceptance of private SAE Level 3–5 AVs. Acceptance was defined as individuals’ attitudes towards or intentions and/or willingness to use AVs in the future. A total of 2,354 articles were identified in the database search. Thirty-five articles were included in the review, six of which included multiple studies and/or comparison groups. Results: Most studies (n = 31) applied self-reported measures to assess user acceptance together with a range of psychosocial factors predicting such acceptance. The meta-analytic correlations revealed that perceived behavioral control, perceived benefits/usefulness, perceived ease of use, and subjective/social norms had significant positive pooled relationships with attitudes and intentions. Trust and sensation seeking also had significant positive pooled correlations with intentions, while knowledge of AVs had a significant and negative pooled correlation with intentions. Age did not show any significant pooled relationship with attitudes, intentions, or willingness. Conclusions: The findings obtained from the systematic review and meta-analysis provide support for psychosocial models to aid understanding of users’ acceptance of private AVs. Practical applications: Examining acceptance of AVs after participants have experienced these vehicles on closed tracks or open roads would advance contemporary knowledge of users’ intentions to use these vehicles in the future. Further, experiencing these vehicles firsthand may also help with addressing any perceived barriers reducing acceptance of future use of private AVs.